Purgatory

Purgatory

Greeting explorers and doinkers of the multi-verse. Are you ready for another religious rendezvous with your favorite, incredibly charming, overly charismatic, loquacious goblin-esque host without a guest to give a spare toe? Here’s the thing about toes, not only are they attached to the crustiest and most useless piece of our lovely vessel, but they look like actual chodes. I’m so glad we’re going to be chatting about purgatory which is most likely a place that strictly prohibits any and all toes. Feet included. As we transcend beyond the tangible dimension we know as the 3rd dimension into another plane, perhaps the 4th through 8th but never touching the 9th because that’s way to complicated to even explain, we definitely know it’s an awkward moment to reflect on our whole life or just hyper focus on a specific embarrassing moment we had in grade school. Maybe you stay in purgatory until you forgive yourself for ever having a cringy text signature or maybe you had a blackberry. What’s the most embarrassing thing you’ve done? Confession hours: the most embarrassing thing I’ve ever done other than literally slide into people’s DM’s with my abstract humor and niche memes, was probably.. oh dude I honestly have no idea because im virtually perfect and by my lonesome self. I think of it like that example of a tree falling in a forest and wondering if it makes a sound if no one is there to hear it. If I’m not perceived by anyone, is it really happening? If I don’t believe my actions deserve retribution and I don’t deserve reprimand for anything I do, does this mean I’ll get into heaven or purgatory if I see myself as innocent? What are the qualifications for such entrance into the unknown? Well let’s find out in this episode but FIRST, without further uh-doo-doo, we gotta do a disclaimer because if I say something problematic and I didn’t do the disclaimer they might raid my bunker and take my equipment and my identity again and this is the 4th podcast I’ve had to make in order for them not to track me down so y’all better not stitch

Disclaimer

Problematic Philosophies contains adult themes and is intended for a mature audience. 

Problematic philosophies does contain provocative profanity

Silly Satire

And Crude Humor

Sometimes we just need to hear someone else say the problematic words we oh so wish to project

Problematic philosophies does just that as well as state disagreeable facts that encourage the audience to do their own damn research for once.

Are we spewing 90% truth and 10% conspiracy? Perhaps the Problematic philosophy is on you and your ignorance is the only scapegoat and avoidance of your problems. You’re struggling to grasp the concept of your fleeting mortality as your vessel ages and deteriorates with every wasted second you listen to this filth. Yet you’re intrigued because I might provide you with the truth you seek. Not that you already didn’t know the truth, but you need some external confirmation, the satisfaction of hearing an ominous voice from beyond saying the exact words the goblin in yer head is muttering to you every waking moment. The gratuitous feeling of affirmations entering your ear holes. If this isn’t you then please, for the sake of the episode and respect for your brain cells and time, hop of this podcast already. Don’t binge this filth. Find something constructive to do with your time! Try some underwater basket weaving. Perhaps send a risky message to that saucy seductress. Go home and rethink your life. Destroy a corporation and plan a revolution with a few strangers. Brush your tongue? Skip forward 15 seconds to start the intro of the episode please thank you and if you haven’t the means to skip well here’s smooth trumpet playing performed by me called “Totally Torqued”:

A Little Run down pat down of the problematic purgatory philosophy babey

Purgatory: in Latin: Purgatorium

according to the belief of some Christians (mostly Catholics), an intermediate state after physical death for expiatory purification. There is disagreement among Christians whether such a state exists. Some forms of Western Christianity, particularly within Protestantism, deny its existence. Other strands of Western Christianity see purgatory as a place, perhaps filled with fire. Some concepts of Gehenna in Judaism are similar to that of purgatory. The word "purgatory" has come to refer also to a wide range of historical and modern conceptions of postmortem suffering short of everlasting damnation and is used, in a non-specific sense, to mean any place or condition of suffering or torment, especially one that is temporary

According to French historian Jacques Le Goff, the conception of purgatory as a physical place the soul resides in came into existence in Western Europe towards the end of the 20th century. The conception involves the idea of a purgatorial fire, which he suggests 

Is expiatory and purifying not punitive like hell fire

The Eastern Orthodox Church were not with this fucking fire concept (as in the realms of purgatory being a firey landscape, NOT to be confused with a fucking slugging, banging philosophy like 420% of the thots I have, alas the goblin in me head has thy reigns of the horse today and they be a spitting and farting all over the place, fucking innit it luvs)

Some say there are punishments comparable to extremes of heat or cold. Others are tortured by memories. They relive how they made others feel. They experience the hatred they once directed at others. If they enjoyed filthy things, they find themselves now in a place that is beyond filthy. If they enjoyed pornography, they may now find themselves with searing pain in their eyes. According to the revelations of a 19th-century nun, a soul here is as desperate for help -- for a Mass, for a single prayer -- as a thirsting man is for water on a desert. It is claimed that as part of their suffering some are not allowed to pray for themselves, and some cannot even benefit from the prayers of others until they are at a higher level.

In order to understand purgatory and the concepts of death and the after life, there must be a belief of judgement. There are essential two types of novelty judgements: one at the time of death and a second at the end of time. In between the cheeks of death - in the eschatological interlude, as it were - every human soul becomes involved in complex judicial proceedings concerning the possible mitigation of penalties, the possible commutation of sentences, subject to the influence of a variety of factors. Belief in Purgatory requires the projection into the afterlife of a highly sophisticated legal and penal system.

Stay-tuned after the history, lore, whore, and wenches I go over so we can start talking about the Good Place TV Show.  

History of the Belief

Purgatory popped up around 1160 and 1180 A.FSM (after the Flying Spaghetti Monster) and was a belief claimed and appropriated obviously by the catholic tradition those cucks. Anyways, they claimed the concept even though this transitional condition known as purgatory has been around even before Jesus Christ, the main dude in the Christian fan fiction. The belief encourages the practice of caring for the dead and praying for them and to the belief, found also in Judaism, which is considered the precursor of Christianity, that prayer for the dead contributed to their afterlife purification. 

The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism by Stephen F. Teiser

The scripture on the Ten Kings is one of the most obvious signals of the birth of a new concept of the afterlife in medieval Chinese Buddhism. That vision of the hereafter and its social realization are sufficiently analogous to the medieval European situation to merit the label of “Purgatory”

The text was probably written in China during the 9th century, who knows, you had to be there to find out ya know? However, the historical significance of the idea of purgatory is not limited to medieval China. The fruit of a collaboration between Indic and Chinese civilizations, it in turn gave rise to new ideas and practices in Korea and Japan. Furthermore, for anyone who has watched a popular Chinese drama, read a morality book, looked at temple decorations, seen the burning of spirit-money, or attended a funeral service, purgatory remains a defining feature of modern Chinese culture. In contrast to the allegedly this-worldly humanism and meritocracy thought to define Neo-confucianism, purgatory represents, literally, the dark side of Chinese Civilization. 

In this theory, purgatory is easily delimited in both time and space. It lasts from the moment of death until the spirit of the deceased is reborn in another bodily form, usually in the third year after death which is like when you’re a ghost toddler and you’re losing yer marbles and beans at that point. During the first forty-nine days after death the dead person passes a critical juncture every. seven. days. Damn dude that’s like a whole ass week?? 

The timing of the “seven seven” rites derives from Buddhism; in Tibet the same stretch is described in the Bardo Thodol (popularly known in the West as The Tibetan Book of the Dead). It’s philosophized in the Chinese case the journey of the spirit is viewed less in psychological terms and more as a bureaucratic experience. On every seventh day the deceased, pictured as a prisoner, must undergo a trial administered by a judge. After the court clerks and jailers assemble the requisite paperwork and the mourning family dispatches acceptable gifts, the magistrate issues a judgement and sends the inmate to the next court. To the first seven nodes are added three more, based not on Indian but on Chinese custom. They occur on the 100th day, during the first month after the first full year, and during the third year after death. The location of purgatory is slightly more vague than its duration. Since Im tired of talking about this for now, we’ll go back into this topic when I watch depictions of purgatory in pop culture hehe alright anyways let’s move onto the only factual evidence we need to care about which is Western religion!

The purgatory of Catholic doctrine

At the Second Council of Lyon in 1274, the Catholic Church defined, for the first time, its teaching on purgatory, in two points:

some souls are purified after death;

such souls benefit from the prayers and pious duties that the living do for them.

The council declared:

If they die truly repentant in charity before they have made satisfaction by worthy fruits of penance for (sins) committed and omitted, their souls are cleansed after death by purgatorical or purifying punishments, as Brother John has explained to us. And to relieve punishments of this kind, the offerings of the living faithful are of advantage to these, namely, the sacrifices of Masses, prayers, alms, and other duties of piety, which have customarily been performed by the faithful for the other faithful according to the regulations of the Church.

A century and a half later, the Council of Florence:

Side note: The council of Florence was a group of priests that were seeking reform outside of the terrorizes directly controlled by the Pope, the Emperor, or the Kings of Aragon and France during the Middle Ages in the 15th century. During a literal pandemic, they disbanded like a boy band after one of them gets outed for being a fucking pedophile. Sad, innit. 

repeated the same two points in practically the same words, again excluding certain elements of the purgatory of popular imagination, in particular fire and place, against which representatives of the Orthodox Church spoke at the council

Islam

Islam has a concept similar to that of purgatory in Christianity. Barzakh is thought to be a realm between paradise (Jannah) and hell (Jahannam) and according to Ghazali the place of those who go neither to hell or to heaven. But because it does not purify the souls it resembles more the Christian limbo than the purgatory.

In some cases, the Islamic concept of hell may resemble the concept of Catholic doctrine of purgatory, for Jahannam just punishes people according to their deeds and releases them after their habits are purified. A limited duration in Jahannam is not universally accepted in Islam.

Indian religions

Indian religions believe in purification of the soul in Naraka.

Tengrism

There is belief in Tengrism, that the wicked would get punished in Tamag before they would be brought to the third floor of the sky.

Zoroastrianism

According to Zoroastrian eshatology, the wicked will get purified in molten metal.

Mandaeism

The Mandaeans believe in purification of souls inside of Leviathan, whom they also call Ur.

Role in relation to sin

According to the doctrine of the Catholic Church, those who die in God's grace and friendship imperfectly purified, although they are assured of their eternal salvation, undergo a purification after death, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of God.

Unless "redeemed by repentance and God's forgiveness", mortal sin, whose object is grave matter and is also committed with full knowledge and deliberate consent, "causes exclusion from Christ's kingdom and the eternal death of hell, for our freedom has the power to make choices for ever, with no turning back." Such sin "makes us incapable of eternal life, the privation of which is called the 'eternal punishment' of sin".

Venial sin

Side Note: Think of this as the white lie of sin so it’s not like murder or the War crimes that Yoda from Star Wars still must be atoned for, but rather the subjective nature of telling a lie to ensure the sanity and safety of a loved one or for the betterment of society. Like telling your partner they’re the best you’ve ever been with when in reality they can never blow our ye back like the wild rendezvous you had that one summer night after the Sunday morning bottomless mimosas at the drag bar.

while not depriving the sinner of friendship with God or the eternal happiness of heaven, "weakens charity, manifests a disordered affection for created goods, and impedes the soul's progress in the exercise of the virtues and the practice of the moral good; it merits temporal punishment", for "every sin, even venial, entails an unhealthy attachment to creatures, which must be purified either here on earth, or after death in the state called Purgatory. This purification frees one from what is called the 'temporal punishment' of sin”.

Fire

Fire has an important place in the popular image depicting purgatory and has been the object of speculation by theologians. Fire has never been included in the Catholic Church’s defined doctrine on purgatory, but speculation about it is traditional. The church’s scripture speaks of a cleansing fire and is referenced in particularly two New Testament passages:

If anyone’s work is burned up, he will suffer loss, though he himself will be saved, but only as through fire.

And the second passage being:

So that the tested genuineness of your faith - more precious than gold that perishes though it is tested by fire - may be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ. 

Origins of THE FIRE

Use of the image of a purifying fire goes bak as far as the 1st A.FSM (yes you heard it here first, Theydies, this dude was from the very first thousand years after the noodles ravaged the Earth!) who, with reference to 1 Corinthians 3:10–15, seen as referring to a process by which the dross of lighter transgressions will be burnt away, and the soul, thus purified, will be saved

Popular notion of purgatory as a place

All these thoughts are exhausting. THey’re all philosophies and speculations without concrete lore. So far these people have just been talking about the process of the purification but they haven’t gotten to the nitty-gritty, they never presented the carfax at all, it’s so REDUNDANT. UNTIL, we take a gander, a lil peep, of La Naissance Du Purgatoire (which translates from French to English as “The Birth of Purgatory”) by Jacques Le Goff.

The change happened at about the same time as the composition of the book Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii, an account by an English Cistercian of a penitent knight's visit to the land of purgatory reached through a cave in the island known as Station Island or St Patrick's Purgatory in the lake of Lough Derg, County Donegal, Ireland. Le Goff said this book "occupies an essential place in the history of Purgatory, in whose success it played an important, if not decisive, role"

Le Goff dedicates the final chapter of his book to the Purgatorio, the second book in Dante's fourteenth-century La divina commedia (The Divine Comedy). In an interview Le Goff declared: "Dante's Purgatorio represents the sublime conclusion of the slow development of Purgatory that took place in the course of the Middle Ages. The power of Dante's poetry made a decisive contribution to fixing in the public imagination this 'third place', whose birth was on the whole quite recent."

Dante pictures purgatory as an island at the antipodes of Jerusalem, pushed up, in an otherwise empty sea, by the displacement caused by the fall of Satan, which left him fixed at the central point of the globe of the Earth. The cone-shaped island has seven terraces on which souls are cleansed from the seven deadly sins or capital vices as they ascend. Additional spurs at the base hold those for whom beginning the ascent is delayed because in life they were excommunicates, indolent or late repenters. At the summit is the earthly paradise, from where the souls, cleansed of evil tendencies and made perfect, are taken to heaven

9 Levels of Purgatory (Dante's Purgatorio)

Alright not gonna lie this is when things get fucking bonkers of the wall wild, might have to call in a paramedic as I dive into each level. So hear we go: C’est La Vie, That’s Show Biz, Babey!

Purgatorio ("Purgatory" in English) is the second section of the Divine Comedy, which is an epic poem written by the great Italian poet, Dante. It follows after Inferno and tells the story of his climb up Mount Purgatory, accompanied by another Italian poet by the name of Virgil, who serves as his guide. The climb is supposed to teach him lessons about Christian life and God's love and purify him of his sins before continuing on his journey to God.

First Stage (Stubbornness)

This stage is at the very base of the mountain and is part of what is known as Ante-Purgatory. In it, the two poets encounter the souls of those who delayed their Christian life because of their stubbornness to obey God’s laws. They are to remain in here for a time period that is thirty times longer than the period which they exhibited stubbornness. They run into Manfred of Sicily who tells them that a soul’s time in Purgatory can be reduced with prayers from Christians who are in good standing with God in the world of the living.

Second Stage (Repentant)

This is the last part of Ante-Purgatory. In this terrace, they encounter deceased kings who were negligible during their rule, people who never repented while alive, and people who suffered violent deaths but managed to repent at the last minute. That following evening, Dante falls asleep and wakes up at the gates of Purgatory Proper, after having a dream that an eagle carried him during the night. The gates are guarded by an angel, and he carves Dante’s forehead with the letter “P” seven times. The angel informs Dante that he is about to go through the seven terraces of Purgatory (each representing a sin among the seven deadly ones) and one of the P’s will be erased as he progresses through each terrace as he climbs Mount Purgatory. He then opens the gates.

Third Stage (Pride)

This terrace that the poets enter first is full of those that were prideful during their earthly lives. The walls of the terrace have sculptures with examples of humility, which is the opposite of pride. The prideful never get a chance to see these sculptures, since their backs are arched due to the huge weights they must carry using their backs as their sins get purged. Dante bends over to converse with the souls and learns lessons from them. When Dante reaches the exit of the terrace, an angel removes the first “P” from his forehead, and the poets move on to the 2nd terrace.

Fourth Stage (Envy)

This terrace is filled with the souls of envious penitents. Their earthly lives were spent desiring what made other people happy to the point they would even harm them in order to deprive them of this. Soon as they enter the terrace, they hear voices that speak examples of generosity, which is the opposite of envy, and later on, they also hear the voices speak examples of envy. The penitents wear gray cloaks and cannot see where they are going because their eyes have been closed and sewn with iron wire. As they leave the terrace, the second “P” is removed.

Fifth Stage (Wrath)

Next, the poets enter the third terrace, which is filled with souls of wrathful penitents. Dante begins to have visions of gentleness, which is an example of the opposite virtue of wrath. The wrathful forever wonder in a cloud of black smoke, which is a manifestation of the anger that clouded their mind and blinded them when they were alive. The souls in this part of the poem do not shout out any examples, but Dante does have a conversation with Marco Lombardo about free will. Dante also has visions about punished wrath. When they meet an angel, another “P” is removed and Dante and Virgil exit the terrace.

Sixth Stage (Sloth)

The next terrace contains the souls of those who were slothful in their earthly lives. Virgil explains Purgatory’s structure to Dante and how it is determined by love. The wrathful are forever preoccupied with running around the terrace without rest, since they never had zeal (the opposite of sloth) in their earthly lives, especially when it came to acting out of love. All example given in this terrace from the voices is the air are of zeal. Later that evening, when Dante falls asleep, he is haunted by nightmares of a siren, a manifestation of gluttony, lust, and greed. On the next day, the fourth “P” is removed and the poets leave the terrace.

Seventh Stage (Avarice)

Dante and Vergil enter the terrace of the Avaricious and Prodigal. Their punishment is to lie on the floor, face down, with their hands and feet bound together. The souls are being punished and purged for desiring material goods with extravagance, greed, or ambition. As the poets travel through the terrace, it is shaken by a mysterious tremor, but Dante does not ask Virgil about it, even though he is curious. They run into the Roman, Statius, and he explains the mysterious tremor to Dante: it happens when a soul is ready to move on from purgatory, and he, Statius, was the soul that caused the tremor. He joins them on their journey. It also turns out that Statius is an admirer of Virgil’s work. The next angel they run into removes the fifth “P” from Dante’s forehead.

Eighth Stage (Gluttony)

The next terrace contains the souls of the gluttonous, and the poets witness their painful punishment: they experience excruciating hunger and thirst while there are plenty of trees with fruit around them. The souls experience this because they can never reach the trees. The voices in the trees give examples of temperance, which is the opposite of gluttony. Dante runs into his friend Forese Donati and his predecessor Bonagiunta Orbicciani (who turns out to be poetic and has nothing but kind words for one of Dante’s poems, “La Vita Nuova”). As the three poets exit the sixth terrace, an Angel removes the sixth “P”.

Ninth Stage (Lust)

As they continue to climb Mount Purgatory, Dante contemplates how the penitents in the terrace of the Gluttonous can be so thin but yet be souls. Statius takes this opportunity, and Virgil gives him the go-ahead, to explain how the body and soul are related. In the terrace of the lustful, the penitent souls must run through a great wall of flames. As they run through it, they call out examples of chastity, which is the opposite of lust. Everyone must run through the wall before they leave, including Dante. Dante is hesitant because he is afraid. Virgil tells him that Beatrice, the love of his life, is waiting for him in the Earthly Paradise. This is enough to convince Dante, who goes through the flames. They all fall asleep shortly after that and in the morning, they all proceed to the Earthly Paradise and the final “P” on Dante’s forehead is removed.

Purgatory Porn in Media

Purgatory (1999)

When outlaws on the lam ride into the small frontier town of Refuge, they’re surprised to find the likes of Doc Holliday and Wild Bill Hickok running the place. It turns out Refuge is where dead gunslingers are sent to see if they can live violence-free for 10 years. If successful, they get to mosey on into Heaven. If not, well, there’s always the other place. Unfortunately, an angry posse shows up guns ablaze and the citizens of Refuge must decide whether to defend themselves and risk Hell or suffer abuse and earn Heaven. With such a setup, Purgatory (the film) falls into the common error of viewing Purgatory (the experience) as a second chance for Heaven after death, rather than as a way station for those who have already made the cut. Bad theology aside, though, it’s still a pretty entertaining little western.

Beetlejuice (1988)

After the Maitlands die in a freak car accident, they are consigned by the powers that be to remain as ghosts in their old house for the next 125 years. Annoyed by the home’s new owners, but not scary enough to chase the interlopers off themselves, the Maitlands call on the mischievous spirit Beetlejuice to help purge their home of the living. Hilarity ensues. Obviously, Beetlejuice should not be taken as any kind of primer on the afterlife. Even so, it does manage to touch on the idea that some good people don’t immediately get to claim their final reward. It also gets points for noting that the waiting experience could be unpleasant. You see, in Beetlejuice, those guilty of taking their own lives must spend their time in “Purgatory” working as civil servants. Yikes.

Gabriel (2007)

Now, if you really want to watch something that gets Purgatory completely wrong, Gabriel is the film for you. In this movie’s universe, Purgatory is a grimy film-noir nightmare city full of trapped souls over which Heaven and Hell have fought for control since the beginning of time. With Hell having recently gained the upper hand, the archangel Gabriel comes to town to find out what has gone wrong. Trust me, it would take too long to explain everything stupid about this movie. Suffice to say any film that has angels taking up prostitution to make ends meet has abandoned any connection to actual theology. On top of that, the movie just isn’t that good, period.

Groundhog Day (1993)

Okay, this one is something of a cheat as its main character doesn’t actually die. Regardless, it’s nigh impossible to watch this classic Bill Murray comedy without giving Purgatory a thought or two. When a disgruntled weatherman is forced to travel to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania for the town’s annual Groundhog Day celebration, he finds himself mysteriously forced to relive the same day over and over again, often to hilarious results. It is only after he admits to the true state of his soul and cleanses himself of his boorish, self-centered ways that our perturbed protagonist is allowed to move on with his life. Sure, it’s not exactly Purgatory, but the general idea is there. Of course, we probably shouldn’t count on the real Purgatory being quite so funny.

Jacob’s Ladder (1990)

Too many horror movies to name have as their big twist the reveal that their characters were in Purgatory all along. However, none do it so effectively as Jacob’s Ladder. The story follows a hapless postal clerk who is not only tormented by memories of the death of his son, but also by flashbacks to a barely remembered incident in Vietnam. As the mystery of what happened to him during the war unravels, our hero begins to experience visions of demons who seem intent on tearing his soul apart. Or are they really trying to accomplish something else? What helps elevate Jacob’s Ladder above its Purgatory-based peers is that it delves a bit deeper into the subject matter than most other movies do. The film acknowledges that it’s not just petty sins that can hold a soul back, but also any unhealthy attachment to the good things in this life. Those too must be released before one can move on into eternal light.

And that’s the ultimate goal, isn’t it? So, if lingering traces of sin require some of us to pass through Purgatory on the way to Heaven, well, that’s fine, even if the experience does somehow turn out to be like one of Hollywood’s bizarre takes on the idea. Whatever, it’s still better than the alternative.

The Good Place

“The Good Place,” now in its third season, follows four people who died in their 20s and 30s: cynical Eleanor (Kristen Bell), indecisive Chidi (William Jackson Harper), vain Tahani (Jameela Jamil) and dim-witted Jason (Manny Jacinto). They get to a not-very-sweet hereafter and soon discover that it is actually a version of hell, in which they have been set up to torture each other psychologically forever. Once they realize the truth, they become committed to moral improvement, believing that they can get into “the good place” if they earn more merit points (literally) by performing good actions.

But they encounter many barriers to entry. At first, the chief obstacle is Michael (Ted Danson), the avuncular demon who set up their torment but whose sympathy for the humans grows as he sees their repeated efforts at moral development. Later, the infernal bureaucracy gets in their way. In the current season of the show, the characters have returned to earth. Michael reboots their timelines and helps them escape death so they can turn around their lives, and the lives of others.

Belief in postmortem moral progress is a staple of several religious and philosophical systems. Dante saw Purgatory as a “second kingdom…where the soul of man is cleansed, made worthy to ascend to Heaven.” The kingdom has a regimen: Carry this boulder, walk through that firewall, contemplate a sequence of moral exemplars. In Hindu and Buddhist doctrines of reincarnation, creatures are reborn into positions determined by their previous actions, and each successive life is an opportunity for better karma.

Citations

History Lists. “9 levels of Purgatory (Dante’s Purgatorio) https://historylists.org/ art/9-levels-of-purgatory-dantes-purgatorio.html (Accessed October , 2020)

Jonathan Malesic. Purgatory is other people on ‘The Good Place’ and ‘Forever’. America The Jesuit Review. https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/ 2018/12/28/purgatory-other-people-good-place-and-forever (Accessed October 6, 2020)

Amanda Chatel. What 7 Religions Think Happens After You Die. Bustle. https://www.bustle.com/articles/55208-do-hindus-believe-in-heaven-what-7-major-religions-believe-about-death-and-the-afterlife (accessed October 6, 2020)

Jacques Le Goff. The Birth of Purgatory (translated by Arthur Goldhammer). https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4dzynjFfX7kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=purgatory&ots=V2nvasoGuc&sig=_6khgomyIuV4yTGjwEKahvoPouo#v=onepage&q=purgatory&f=false The third place pg 3-7. (Accessed October 6, 2020)

Takami Matsuda. Death and Purgatory in Middle English Didactic Poetry. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZHsz8o-xeE4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=purgatory&ots=DLS5KUBxKv&sig=T-Ded3DWVBak2NECMuhPX2jUl68#v=onepage&q=purgatory&f=false The Doctrine of Purgatory and Late Medieval Attitudes Towards Death and the Afterlife. (Accessed October 6, 2020)

Stephen F. Teiser. The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the making of purgatory in medieval Chinese buddhism. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BJVG5mnpnL0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=purgatory&ots=C8ezbBfjKA&sig=2xIsyrYyk5gJ3gCD1NlubJ9fOoo#v=onepage&q=purgatory&f=false (accessed October 6, 2020)